\def\pgfsysdriver{pgfsys-dvipdfmx.def} \PassOptionsToPackage{dvipdfmx}{graphicx} \PassOptionsToPackage{dvipdfmx}{color} \PassOptionsToPackage{dvipdfmx}{xcolor} \PassOptionsToPackage{dvipdfmx}{hyperref} \documentclass[14pt,notheorems,aspectratio=169]{beamer} \usepackage{array,booktabs} \usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,mathtools,amsthm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{etoolbox} \usepackage{tikz} \usepackage{graphicx} \usetikzlibrary{positioning,arrows.meta,calc,shapes.geometric,fit,backgrounds} \providecommand{\pgfsyspdfmark}[3]{} \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage{bxdpx-beamer} \usepackage{pxjahyper} \usetheme{Darmstadt} \usecolortheme{seahorse} \setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{} \setbeamertemplate{items}[default] \usefonttheme{professionalfonts} \definecolor{toposblue}{RGB}{0,72,165} \definecolor{toposorange}{RGB}{236,120,0} \definecolor{toposgreen}{RGB}{0,130,90} \definecolor{toposred}{RGB}{190,45,45} \definecolor{lightblue}{RGB}{225,238,255} \definecolor{lightorange}{RGB}{255,240,220} \definecolor{lightgreen}{RGB}{225,248,238} \definecolor{lightred}{RGB}{255,229,229} \definecolor{paper}{RGB}{250,250,247} \definecolor{ink}{RGB}{31,35,38} \definecolor{muted}{RGB}{112,118,125} \definecolor{line}{RGB}{214,216,218} % Color grammar: green = logic, orange = geometry/space. Bridges stay neutral. \colorlet{logic}{toposgreen} \colorlet{spacec}{toposorange} \colorlet{toposc}{spacec} \colorlet{bridge}{muted} \colorlet{danger}{toposred} \colorlet{logicLight}{lightgreen} \colorlet{spaceLight}{lightorange} \colorlet{bridgeLight}{line!30} \colorlet{dangerLight}{lightred} \setbeamercolor{title}{fg=ink} \setbeamercolor{frametitle}{fg=ink} \setbeamercolor{block title}{bg=line!45,fg=ink} \setbeamercolor{block body}{bg=line!12,fg=black} \setbeamercolor{alerted text}{fg=danger} \newenvironment{definition}[1][]{% \begingroup \setbeamercolor{block title}{% use=section in head/foot, bg=section in head/foot.bg, fg=section in head/foot.fg }% \setbeamercolor{block body}{% use=section in head/foot, bg=section in head/foot.bg!35!paper, fg=black }% \begin{block}{Definition\ifblank{#1}{}{ (#1)}}% }{% \end{block}% \endgroup } \newenvironment{theorem}[1][]{% \begin{block}{Theorem\ifblank{#1}{}{ (#1)}}% }{% \end{block}% } \newenvironment{example}[1][]{% \begin{block}{Example\ifblank{#1}{}{ (#1)}}% }{% \end{block}% } \newcommand{\Set}{\mathbf{Set}} \newcommand{\BA}{\mathbf{Bool}} \newcommand{\FinSet}{\mathbf{FinSet}} \newcommand{\FinBool}{\mathbf{FinBool}} \newcommand{\Sub}{\mathrm{Sub}} \newcommand{\Clop}{\mathrm{Clop}} \newcommand{\Stone}{\mathrm{Stone}} \newcommand{\Hom}{\mathrm{Hom}} \newcommand{\Sh}{\mathrm{Sh}} \newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}} \newcommand{\sem}[1]{[\![#1]\!]} \newcommand{\true}{\mathsf{true}} \newcommand{\false}{\mathsf{false}} \newcommand{\key}[1]{\textcolor{logic}{\textbf{#1}}} \newcommand{\geom}[1]{\textcolor{spacec}{\textbf{#1}}} \newcommand{\vocab}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \AtBeginEnvironment{frame}{\small} \newcommand{\onemessage}[1]{% \vfill \begin{center} {\large\bfseries\color{ink}#1} \end{center} } \newcommand{\propvar}[1]{% \mathord{\text{% \begingroup \setlength{\fboxsep}{2.2pt}% \fcolorbox{logic}{logicLight}{\strut #1}% \endgroup }}% } % Edit-mode slide status. Default is incomplete. If a slide is edited, % reset its status to incomplete; only the user promotes statuses. \newif\ifdeckeditmode \deckeditmodetrue % \deckeditmodefalse \newcommand{\deckstatuslabel}{incomplete} \newcommand{\deckstatuscolor}{danger} \newcommand{\deckslideidlabel}{---} % Stable three-letter reference ID for each slide; not a page number. \newcommand{\setdeckslideid}[1]{% \def\deckslideidlabel{#1}% } \newcommand{\setdeckstatus}[1]{% \def\deckstatuslabel{incomplete}% \def\deckstatuscolor{danger}% \ifstrequal{#1}{complete}{% \def\deckstatuslabel{complete}% \def\deckstatuscolor{logic}% }{}% \ifstrequal{#1}{provisional}{% \def\deckstatuslabel{provisional}% \def\deckstatuscolor{spacec}% }{}% \ifstrequal{#1}{incomplete}{% \def\deckstatuslabel{incomplete}% \def\deckstatuscolor{danger}% }{}% } \newcommand{\deckstatusbadge}{% \ifdeckeditmode \begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay] \node[ anchor=south east, rounded corners=2pt, draw=\deckstatuscolor, fill=\deckstatuscolor!12, text=\deckstatuscolor, font=\tiny\bfseries, inner xsep=4pt, inner ysep=1pt ] at ([xshift=-0.7mm,yshift=0.4mm]current page.south east) {\deckslideidlabel~/~\deckstatuslabel}; \end{tikzpicture}% \fi } \addtobeamertemplate{footline}{}{% \deckstatusbadge } \newenvironment{deckframe}[3][incomplete]{% \setdeckstatus{#1}% \setdeckslideid{#2}% \begin{frame}{#3}% }{% \end{frame}% } \newenvironment{deckplainframe}[2][incomplete]{% \setdeckstatus{#1}% \setdeckslideid{#2}% \begin{frame}[plain]% }{% \deckstatusbadge \end{frame}% } \newcount\lgtablelevel \newcommand{\setlogicgeometrylevel}[1]{% \lgtablelevel=4 \ifstrequal{#1}{intro}{\lgtablelevel=0}{}% \ifstrequal{#1}{venn}{\lgtablelevel=1}{}% \ifstrequal{#1}{stone}{\lgtablelevel=2}{}% \ifstrequal{#1}{locale}{\lgtablelevel=3}{}% \ifstrequal{#1}{topos}{\lgtablelevel=4}{}% } \newcommand{\lgrow}[3]{% \textcolor{logic}{#2} & \textcolor{spacec}{#3} \\ } \newcommand{\lgdivider}{\specialrule{.45pt}{.2ex}{.2ex}} \newcommand{\logicgeometrytable}[1]{% \begingroup \setlogicgeometrylevel{#1}% \vspace{-4mm}% \normalsize \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{0.62} \setlength{\tabcolsep}{4pt} \setlength{\aboverulesep}{0pt} \setlength{\belowrulesep}{0pt} \setlength{\extrarowheight}{0pt} \begin{tabular}{>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{0.52\textwidth}>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{0.36\textwidth}} \toprule \textcolor{logic}{\textbf{論理}} & \textcolor{spacec}{\textbf{幾何}} \\ \midrule \lgrow{1}{\textcolor{logic}{命題}}{(開)部分(集合)} \lgrow{1}{\textcolor{logic}{論理}積}{共通部分} \lgrow{1}{\textcolor{logic}{モデル}}{\textcolor{spacec}{点}} \lgrow{1}{\textcolor{logic}{論理}包含}{(\textcolor{spacec}{幾何}的)包含} \lgrow{1}{完全性}{\textcolor{spacec}{点}の存在} \lgdivider \lgrow{2}{\textcolor{logic}{ブール代数}}{\textcolor{spacec}{Stone空間}} \lgdivider \lgrow{3}{\textcolor{logic}{直観主義}(無限)\textcolor{logic}{命題}\textcolor{logic}{論理}}{\textcolor{spacec}{Locale}(滑らかな空間)} \lgdivider \lgrow{4}{\textcolor{logic}{量化子}}{層} \lgrow{4}{トポス(理論)}{{トポス}(空間)} \bottomrule \end{tabular} \endgroup } \tikzset{ >={Latex[length=2.4mm,width=2.0mm]}, world/.style={circle,draw=spacec,fill=spaceLight,very thick,minimum size=9mm,inner sep=0pt,font=\small\bfseries}, worldgood/.style={circle,draw=bridge,fill=bridgeLight,very thick,minimum size=10mm,inner sep=0pt,font=\small\bfseries}, logicbox/.style={rounded corners=2pt,draw=logic,fill=logicLight,very thick,inner sep=7pt,align=center}, spacebox/.style={rounded corners=2pt,draw=spacec,fill=spaceLight,very thick,inner sep=7pt,align=center}, bridgebox/.style={rounded corners=2pt,draw=bridge,fill=bridgeLight,very thick,inner sep=7pt,align=center}, neutralbox/.style={rounded corners=2pt,draw=line,fill=paper,thick,inner sep=7pt,align=center}, dangerbox/.style={rounded corners=2pt,draw=danger,fill=dangerLight,very thick,inner sep=7pt,align=center}, tinylabel/.style={font=\scriptsize\color{muted},align=center}, arrow/.style={->,very thick,draw=bridge}, linearrow/.style={->,thick,draw=ink!70}, dot/.style={circle,fill=ink,inner sep=1.8pt} } \title[\texorpdfstring{{ベン図}から{トポス}へ}{ベン図からトポスへ}]{\texorpdfstring{{ベン図}から{トポス}へ}{ベン図からトポスへ}} \subtitle{\textcolor{logic}{論理}$\leftrightarrow${\textcolor{spacec}{幾何}}} \author{洞龍弥} \institute[]{\texorpdfstring{数理{\color{spacec}空間}{トポス} 新歓 2026}{数理空間トポス 新歓 2026}} \date[2026年5月23日]{2026年5月23日} \begin{document} % 1 \begin{deckplainframe}[complete]{LQS} \begin{tikzpicture}[remember picture,overlay] \node[anchor=center,inner sep=0pt] at (current page.center) {% \includegraphics[width=\paperwidth,height=\paperheight]{figures/title_logic_geometry_world.png}% }; \fill[paper] (current page.south west) rectangle ([yshift=28mm]current page.south east); \draw[line width=.35pt,draw=line] ([yshift=28mm]current page.south west) -- ([yshift=28mm]current page.south east); \node[ anchor=south west, align=left, text=ink, inner sep=0pt ] at ([xshift=9mm,yshift=7mm]current page.south west) {% {\LARGE\bfseries\inserttitle {\hfill \small \insertsubtitle}}\\[1.3mm] {\normalsize\insertauthor\quad \insertinstitute\quad \insertdate}% }; \end{tikzpicture} \end{deckplainframe} \begin{deckframe}[complete]{HTU}{オイラーの手紙} \begin{columns}[T,onlytextwidth] \begin{column}{0.68\textwidth} これらの\textcolor{spacec}{丸い図形},いやむしろ\\ (どのような形を与えようとも\\ かまわないのですから) \textbf{\textcolor{spacec}{空間}}は,[...]\\ \textbf{\textcolor{logic}{論理学}}の中で自慢げに語られ,\\ 多大な苦労をして証明される神秘の全てを,\\ 私たちに明らかにしてくれるのです. \end{column} \begin{column}{0.32\textwidth} \centering \includegraphics[height=5cm]{euler_letters/leonhard_euler_handmann_1753.jpg} \end{column} \end{columns} {\footnotesize ドイツ王女への手紙,引用者訳,強調} \hfill {\footnotesize 煽ってない?} \end{deckframe} % 2 \begin{deckframe}[complete]{SXS}{目次} \tableofcontents \end{deckframe} \section[ベン図]{ベン図 $\leftarrow$ 嘘つきパズル} % 4 \begin{deckframe}[complete]{MAA}{目次} \tableofcontents[currentsection] \end{deckframe} % 5 % 6 \begin{deckframe}[complete]{IPU}{{\color{logic}論理}パズル(1/2) 嘘つきは誰か?} \begin{center} \begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm] \foreach \x/\name/\speech in { -4.1/A/{\color{logic}「B が嘘つき」}, 0.0/B/{\color{logic}「C が嘘つき」}, 4.1/C/{\color{logic}\mbox{「AもBも正直」}} }{ \draw[very thick,draw=ink,fill=paper] (\x,1.05) circle (.33); \draw[very thick,draw=ink,fill=paper,rounded corners=8pt] (\x-.52,-0.05) rectangle (\x+.52,.72); \node[font=\large\bfseries] at (\x,.25) {\name}; \node[font=\large,align=center,text width=4.05cm] at (\x,-1.18) {\speech}; } \end{tikzpicture} \end{center} \end{deckframe} % 7 \begin{deckframe}[complete]{XQZ}{{\color{logic}論理}パズル(2/2) {\color{spacec}ベン図}で``{\color{spacec}視覚的}に"理解する} \begin{center} \begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm] \foreach \x/\name/\speech in { -4.1/A/{\color{logic}「B は嘘つき」}, 0.0/B/{\color{logic}「C は嘘つき」}, % 4.1/C/{\color{logic}「Bが正直ならAも正直」} 4.1/C/{\color{logic}\mbox{「AもBも正直」}} }{ \draw[very thick,draw=ink,fill=paper] (\x,1.05) circle (.33); \draw[very thick,draw=ink,fill=paper,rounded corners=8pt] (\x-.52,-0.05) rectangle (\x+.52,.72); \node[font=\large\bfseries] at (\x,.25) {\name}; \node[font=\large,align=center,text width=4.05cm] at (\x,-1.18) {\speech}; } \end{tikzpicture} \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.88] \begin{scope}[xshift=-4.15cm] % \node[font=\bfseries\color{spacec}] at (0,1.22) {A $\leftrightarrow$ Bが嘘}; \draw[very thick,rounded corners=2pt,draw=line,fill=white] (-1.45,-1.18) rectangle (1.45,1.02); \fill[spaceLight] (-.38,.12) circle (.72); \fill[spaceLight] (.38,.12) circle (.72); \begin{scope} \clip (-.38,.12) circle (.72); \fill[white] (.38,.12) circle (.72); \end{scope} \draw[very thick,spacec] (-.38,.12) circle (.72); \draw[very thick,spacec] (.38,.12) circle (.72); \draw[very thick,spacec] (0,-.48) circle (.72); \node at (-.78,.62) {A}; \node at (.78,.62) {B}; \node at (0,-.98) {C}; \fill[black!50!spacec] (.72,.24) circle (2.6pt); \end{scope} \begin{scope} % \node[font=\bfseries\color{spacec}] at (0,1.22) {B $\leftrightarrow$ Cが嘘}; \draw[very thick,rounded corners=2pt,draw=line,fill=white] (-1.45,-1.18) rectangle (1.45,1.02); \fill[spaceLight] (.38,.12) circle (.72); \fill[spaceLight] (0,-.48) circle (.72); \begin{scope} \clip (.38,.12) circle (.72); \fill[white] (0,-.48) circle (.72); \end{scope} \draw[very thick,spacec] (-.38,.12) circle (.72); \draw[very thick,spacec] (.38,.12) circle (.72); \draw[very thick,spacec] (0,-.48) circle (.72); \node at (-.78,.62) {A}; \node at (.78,.62) {B}; \node at (0,-.98) {C}; \fill[black!50!spacec] (.72,.24) circle (2.6pt); \end{scope} \begin{scope}[xshift=4.15cm] % C <-> (A \land B) % 背景をまず真として塗る \fill[spaceLight] (-1.45,-1.18) rectangle (1.45,1.02); % C の中は一度抜く \fill[white] (0,-.48) circle (.72); % A \cap B は C の外では偽にしたいので抜く \begin{scope} \clip (-.38,.12) circle (.72); % A の中 \fill[white] (.38,.12) circle (.72); % A \cap B を白く抜く \end{scope} % C の中では A \cap B だけ真なので塗り戻す \begin{scope} \clip (0,-.48) circle (.72); % C の中 \begin{scope} \clip (-.38,.12) circle (.72); % A の中 \fill[spaceLight] (.38,.12) circle (.72); % A \cap B \cap C \end{scope} \end{scope} % 枠線 \draw[very thick,rounded corners=2pt,draw=line] (-1.45,-1.18) rectangle (1.45,1.02); % 円の輪郭 \draw[very thick,spacec] (-.38,.12) circle (.72); \draw[very thick,spacec] (.38,.12) circle (.72); \draw[very thick,spacec] (0,-.48) circle (.72); % ラベル \node at (-.78,.62) {A}; \node at (.78,.62) {B}; \node at (0,-.98) {C}; \fill[black!50!spacec] (.72,.24) circle (2.6pt); \end{scope} \end{tikzpicture} \end{center} % \hfill\vocab{答え: AとCが本当,Bが嘘} \begin{center} \vocab{答え: AとCが嘘,Bが正直} \end{center} \end{deckframe} % 8 \begin{deckframe}[complete]{YPS}{{\color{logic}モデル}$=${\color{spacec}点}} % \begin{center} % {\large\bfseries % \textcolor{logic}{モデル} $\leftrightarrow$ \textcolor{spacec}{点} % } % \end{center} % \vspace{-3mm} \begin{center} \begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm] \foreach \x/\name/\speech in { -2.1/A/{\color{logic}「B は正直」}, 2.1/B/{\color{logic}「A は正直」} }{ % head \draw[very thick,draw=ink,fill=paper] (\x,0.72) circle (.33); % body \draw[very thick,draw=ink,fill=paper,rounded corners=8pt] (\x-.52,-0.4) rectangle (\x+.52,.38); % name \node[font=\large\bfseries\color{ink}] at (\x,-0.1) {\name}; % speech \node[ font=\large\bfseries, align=center, text width=4.0cm, text=logic ] at (\x,-1.05) {\speech}; } \end{tikzpicture} \begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm,scale=1.3] % universe \fill[spaceLight] (-2.3,-1.25) rectangle (2.3,1.45); % A, B を一度白で抜く \fill[white] (-.55,.12) circle (.95); \fill[white] (.55,.12) circle (.95); % A \cap B を塗り戻す \begin{scope} \clip (-.55,.12) circle (.95); \fill[spaceLight] (.55,.12) circle (.95); \end{scope} % 枠線 \draw[very thick,rounded corners=3pt,draw=line] (-2.3,-1.25) rectangle (2.3,1.45); % 円の輪郭 \draw[very thick,spacec] (-.55,.12) circle (.95); \draw[very thick,spacec] (.55,.12) circle (.95); % ラベル \node[font=\bfseries] at (-1.15,.9) {$A$}; \node[font=\bfseries] at (1.15,.9) {$B$}; % model points \fill[black!65!spacec] (0,.12) circle (3pt); \node[font=\scriptsize,above] at (0,.22) {$M_1$}; \fill[black!65!spacec] (1.55,-.85) circle (3pt); \node[font=\scriptsize,above] at (1.55,-.75) {$M_2$}; \end{tikzpicture} \end{center} \end{deckframe} % 10 \begin{deckframe}[complete]{ICE}{\textcolor{logic}{矛盾} $\iff$ \textcolor{spacec}{無}} \begin{center} \begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm,scale=.98] \foreach \x/\name/\speech in { -4.0/A/{\color{logic}「B は嘘つき」}, 0.0/B/{\color{logic}「C は嘘つき」}, 4.0/C/{\color{logic}「A が正直なら B も正直」} }{ \draw[very thick,draw=ink,fill=paper] (\x,0.72) circle (.33); \draw[very thick,draw=ink,fill=paper,rounded corners=8pt] (\x-.52,-0.4) rectangle (\x+.52,.38); \node[font=\large\bfseries] at (\x,-0.1) {\name}; \node[font=\small,align=center,text width=3.35cm] at (\x,-1.15) {\speech}; } \end{tikzpicture} \vspace{-2mm} \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.86] % A <-> not B \begin{scope}[xshift=-4.15cm] \draw[very thick,rounded corners=2pt,draw=line,fill=white] (-1.45,-1.18) rectangle (1.45,1.02); \fill[spaceLight] (-.38,.12) circle (.72); \fill[spaceLight] (.38,.12) circle (.72); \begin{scope} \clip (-.38,.12) circle (.72); \fill[white] (.38,.12) circle (.72); \end{scope} \draw[very thick,spacec] (-.38,.12) circle (.72); \draw[very thick,spacec] (.38,.12) circle (.72); \draw[very thick,spacec] (0,-.48) circle (.72); \node at (-.78,.62) {A}; \node at (.78,.62) {B}; \node at (0,-.98) {C}; \end{scope} % B <-> not C \begin{scope} \draw[very thick,rounded corners=2pt,draw=line,fill=white] (-1.45,-1.18) rectangle (1.45,1.02); \fill[spaceLight] (.38,.12) circle (.72); \fill[spaceLight] (0,-.48) circle (.72); \begin{scope} \clip (.38,.12) circle (.72); \fill[white] (0,-.48) circle (.72); \end{scope} \draw[very thick,spacec] (-.38,.12) circle (.72); \draw[very thick,spacec] (.38,.12) circle (.72); \draw[very thick,spacec] (0,-.48) circle (.72); \node at (-.78,.62) {A}; \node at (.78,.62) {B}; \node at (0,-.98) {C}; \end{scope} % C <-> (A => B) \begin{scope}[xshift=4.15cm] \draw[very thick,rounded corners=2pt,draw=line,fill=white] (-1.45,-1.18) rectangle (1.45,1.02); % C の外では反転: % not(A => B) = A \cap B^c % したがって C^c \cap A \cap B^c を塗る \begin{scope} \clip (-.38,.12) circle (.72); % A の中 \fill[spaceLight] (-1.45,-1.18) rectangle (1.45,1.02); \fill[white] (.38,.12) circle (.72); % B の中を抜く \fill[white] (0,-.48) circle (.72); % C の中を抜く \end{scope} % C の中では A => B: % C \cap (A^c \cup B) を塗る \begin{scope} \clip (0,-.48) circle (.72); % C の中 \fill[spaceLight] (-1.45,-1.18) rectangle (1.45,1.02); % 反例 A \cap B^c だけ白で抜く \begin{scope} \clip (-.38,.12) circle (.72); % A の中 \fill[white] (-1.45,-1.18) rectangle (1.45,1.02); \fill[spaceLight] (.38,.12) circle (.72); % A \cap B を塗り戻す \end{scope} \end{scope} \draw[very thick,rounded corners=2pt,draw=line] (-1.45,-1.18) rectangle (1.45,1.02); \draw[very thick,spacec] (-.38,.12) circle (.72); \draw[very thick,spacec] (.38,.12) circle (.72); \draw[very thick,spacec] (0,-.48) circle (.72); \node at (-.78,.62) {A}; \node at (.78,.62) {B}; \node at (0,-.98) {C}; \end{scope} \end{tikzpicture} \end{center} \end{deckframe} % 9 \begin{deckframe}[complete]{ZSU}{対応表: {\color{logic}論理}と{\color{spacec}幾何}} \centering \logicgeometrytable{venn} \end{deckframe} \section{Stone双対} % 11 \begin{deckframe}[complete]{VFO}{目次} \tableofcontents[currentsection] \end{deckframe} % 12 \begin{deckframe}[complete]{ZJS}{{\color{logic}論理}パズル: この人から1億円もらおう!} 絶対\textcolor{logic}{約束}守るマンがやってきて,言った. \begin{center} \begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm] % 人 \draw[very thick,draw=ink,fill=paper] (-5.15,0.65) circle (.42); \draw[very thick,draw=ink,fill=paper,rounded corners=9pt] (-5.8,-1.2) rectangle (-4.5,0.15); \node[font=\large\bfseries] at (-5.15,-.55) {絶}; % 吹き出し本体 \node[ draw=ink, very thick, fill=paper, rounded corners=10pt, align=center, text width=9.2cm, inner sep=9pt, font=\Large\bfseries ] (speech) at (1.0,0.25) {\textcolor{logic}{正しい}ことを言ったら1000円あげるよ,\\ けど\textcolor{logic}{間違った}ことを言ったら1000円あげない}; % 吹き出しのしっぽ % \draw[very thick,draw=ink,fill=paper] % (-3.55,0.05) -- (-2.95,0.22) -- (-3.45,-0.28) -- cycle; \end{tikzpicture} \end{center} どう\textcolor{logic}{発言}すれば,1億円をもらえるか? (メタ可) \vfill % {\centering\tiny\color{muted}スマリヤン} \end{deckframe} % 13 \begin{deckframe}[complete]{ZWI}{{\color{logic}論理}パズル: 普通の解法} 「あなたは,私に1000円をくれず,かつ1億円もくれない.」 \vspace{-1mm} \begin{center} \begin{tikzpicture}[ x=1cm,y=1cm, nom/.style={ rounded corners=3pt, draw=ink, fill=paper, very thick, align=center, font=\small\bfseries, inner sep=6pt, minimum width=3.3cm }, badleaf/.style={ rounded corners=3pt, draw=danger, fill=dangerLight, very thick, align=center, font=\small\bfseries, inner sep=6pt, minimum width=2.7cm }, arr/.style={->,very thick,draw=bridge} ] \node[nom] (root) at (0,1.35) {\textcolor{logic}{発言}の\textcolor{logic}{真偽}}; \node[nom] (truecase) at (-3.9,-2.65) {\textcolor{logic}{約束}に矛盾}; \node[nom] (falsecase) at (2.0,-0.4) {1000円か1億円もらえる}; \node[nom] (false1000) at (0.0,-2.65) {\textcolor{logic}{約束}に矛盾}; \node[nom] (false100m) at (4.0,-2.65) {$1$億円 GET}; \draw[arr] (root) -- node[left,font=\small] {真} (truecase); \draw[arr] (root) -- node[right,font=\small] {偽} (falsecase); \draw[arr] (falsecase) -- node[left,font=\small] {$1000$円} (false1000); \draw[arr] (falsecase) -- node[right,font=\small] {$1$億円} (false100m); \end{tikzpicture} \end{center} \end{deckframe} % 14 \begin{deckframe}[complete]{UOL}{{\color{logic} 代数}的解法(準備): {\color{logic} 論理}の{\color{logic}代数}} \begin{columns} \column{0.5\textwidth} \begin{definition}[\textcolor{logic}{ブール代数}(雑)] \textcolor{logic}{ブール代数}とは,足し算と掛け算ができて\footnote{環}, \[x^2=x\]を満たすもの. \end{definition} \column{0.5\textwidth} \begin{example} \textcolor{logic}{命題}の集合\footnote{ある\textcolor{logic}{構文}的システムを固定して考える}は,\textcolor{logic}{ブール代数}. \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{c|c}\hline 0 & $\bot$ \\\hline $p+q$ & $p \not\leftrightarrow q$ \\\hline 1 & $\top$ \\\hline $\times$ & $p \land q$ \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \end{example} \end{columns} \end{deckframe} % 15 \begin{deckframe}[complete]{BFK}{1億円パズル {\color{logic}代数}} もらえる額$n$が満たしてほしい\textcolor{logic}{条件}: \[ \left( \propvar{\textcolor{logic}{発言}} \leftrightarrow \propvar{$n=10^3$} \right) = \propvar{$n=10^8$} \] \begin{align*} 1+ \propvar{$n=10^3$} + \propvar{\textcolor{logic}{発言}} &= \propvar{$n=10^8$} \\ \propvar{\textcolor{logic}{発言}} &= \propvar{$n=10^8$} + \propvar{$n=10^3$} +1\\ &= \propvar{$n=10^8$} \leftrightarrow \propvar{$n=10^3$}\\ &= \propvar{$n\neq10^3, 10^8$} \end{align*} \end{deckframe} % 16 \begin{deckframe}[complete]{TMZ}{思想: {\color{spacec}ストーン空間}は,無限の{\color{logic}選択}の配置空間} \begin{center} \begin{tikzpicture}[xscale=1.02,yscale=1.12, bit/.style={circle,draw=ink!65,fill=paper,inner sep=0pt,minimum size=3.6mm}, chosen/.style={circle,draw=logic,fill=logicLight,very thick,inner sep=0pt,minimum size=5.0mm}, edgelabel/.style={font=\scriptsize\color{ink},inner sep=1.2pt,fill=paper,fill opacity=.94,text opacity=1} ] \node[chosen] (r) at (0,2.45) {}; \node[chosen] (a0) at (-3.20,1.30) {}; \node[bit] (a1) at (3.20,1.30) {}; \node[chosen] (b00) at (-4.80,0.15) {}; \node[bit] (b01) at (-1.60,0.15) {}; \node[bit] (b10) at (1.60,0.15) {}; \node[bit] (b11) at (4.80,0.15) {}; \node[bit] (c000) at (-5.60,-1.00) {}; \node[chosen] (c001) at (-4.00,-1.00) {}; \node[bit] (c010) at (-2.40,-1.00) {}; \node[bit] (c011) at (-0.80,-1.00) {}; \node[bit] (c100) at (0.80,-1.00) {}; \node[bit] (c101) at (2.40,-1.00) {}; \node[bit] (c110) at (4.00,-1.00) {}; \node[bit] (c111) at (5.60,-1.00) {}; \foreach \u/\v in {r/a0,r/a1,a0/b00,a0/b01,a1/b10,a1/b11,b00/c000,b00/c001,b01/c010,b01/c011,b10/c100,b10/c101,b11/c110,b11/c111} \draw[thick,line] (\u) -- (\v); \draw[very thick,logic] (r) -- (a0) -- (b00) -- (c001); % the whole infinite binary tree continues downward \foreach \x in {-5.60,-4.00,-2.40,-0.80,0.80,2.40,4.00,5.60}{ \draw[thick,line,densely dashed] (\x,-1.00) -- (\x,-1.45); } % chosen cylinder continues inside the whole boundary \draw[very thick,spacec,densely dashed] (c001) -- (-4.00,-1.45); % Cantor space as the boundary/limit of the whole infinite tree \draw[very thick,spacec,rounded corners=6pt] (-6.10,-2.28) rectangle (6.10,-1.72); \foreach \x in {-5.65,-5.25,-4.85,-4.45,-4.05,-3.65,-3.25,-2.85, -2.20,-1.80,-1.40,-1.00,-0.60,-0.20, 0.45,0.85,1.25,1.65,2.05,2.45, 3.10,3.50,3.90,4.30,4.70,5.10,5.50}{ \fill[spacec] (\x,-2.00) circle (1.6pt); } \node[ font=\small\bfseries, text=ink, align=center ] at (0,-2.62) {\textcolor{logic}{発言無限path} $\leftrightarrow$ \textcolor{spacec}{ストーン空間の点}}; \end{tikzpicture} \end{center} \end{deckframe} % 17 \begin{deckframe}[incomplete]{HSL}{定理: Stone双対} \begin{center} {\large\bfseries \textcolor{logic}{ブール代数} $\longleftrightarrow$ \textcolor{spacec}{Stone空間}} \end{center} \vspace{-2mm} \begin{theorem}[Stone双対] \textcolor{logic}{ブール代数}と\textcolor{spacec}{Stone空間}は等価\footnote{反変圏同値}. \end{theorem} \end{deckframe} % 18 \begin{deckframe}[complete]{SVC}{例: {\color{logic}モデル} = {\color{spacec}点}} \begin{columns}[T,totalwidth=\textwidth] \begin{column}{.5\textwidth} \centering \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1] \node[logicbox,minimum width=3.1cm] (b) at (0,2.35) {\textcolor{logic}{ブール代数} $B$}; \node[logicbox,minimum width=3.1cm] (two) at (0,-2.3) {$2=\{\bot,\top\}$}; \draw[arrow] (b) -- node[right,font=\small\bfseries\color{logic}] {命題に真偽値を与える} (two); \end{tikzpicture} \end{column} \begin{column}{.5\textwidth} \centering \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1, bit/.style={circle,draw=ink!65,fill=white,inner sep=0pt,minimum size=3.0mm}, chosen/.style={circle,draw=spacec,fill=spaceLight,very thick,inner sep=0pt,minimum size=4.2mm} ] \node[spacebox,minimum width=2.4cm] (cantor) at (4.40,2.35) {$2^{\mathbb N}$}; \node[spacebox,minimum width=2.4cm] (one) at (4.40,-2.30) {$1$}; \draw[arrow] (one) -- node[right,font=\small\bfseries\color{spacec}] {点を選ぶ} (cantor); \end{tikzpicture} \end{column} \end{columns} \end{deckframe} % 19 \begin{deckframe}[complete]{GYK}{対応表: {\color{logic}論理}と{\color{spacec}幾何}} \centering \logicgeometrytable{stone} \end{deckframe} \section{Locale} % 20 \begin{deckframe}[complete]{YCI}{目次} \tableofcontents[currentsection] \end{deckframe} % 21 \begin{deckframe}[provisional]{QNF}{{\color{logic}論理}の不満,{\color{spacec}幾何}の不満} \begin{center} {\large\bfseries {\color{logic}論理}も{\color{spacec}幾何}も,全然捉えられてない!} \end{center} \vspace{-2mm} \begin{columns}[T,totalwidth=.98\textwidth] \begin{column}{.48\textwidth} \centering \setlength{\fboxsep}{6pt}% \fcolorbox{logic}{logicLight}{% \begin{minipage}[c][4.55cm][c]{.90\linewidth} \centering \begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm] \path[use as bounding box] (-2.35,-2.00) rectangle (2.35,2.00); \node[font=\Large\bfseries\color{logic},align=center,anchor=base] at (0,1.42) {\textcolor{logic}{論理}の不満}; \node[font=\large\bfseries,align=center,anchor=base] at (0,.55) {\textcolor{logic}{命題}\textcolor{logic}{論理}: \textcolor{logic}{量化子}なし}; \node[font=\Large\bfseries\color{logic},align=center,anchor=base] at (0,-.32) {$\exists\qquad\forall$}; % \node[font=\large\bfseries,align=center,anchor=base] at (0,-1.35) % {現代数学: \textcolor{logic}{量化子}だらけ}; \end{tikzpicture} \end{minipage}} \end{column} \begin{column}{.48\textwidth} \centering \setlength{\fboxsep}{6pt}% \fcolorbox{spacec}{spaceLight}{% \begin{minipage}[c][4.55cm][c]{.90\linewidth} \centering \begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm] \path[use as bounding box] (-2.35,-2.00) rectangle (2.35,2.00); \node[font=\Large\bfseries\color{spacec},align=center,anchor=base] at (0,1.42) {\textcolor{spacec}{幾何}の不満}; \node[font=\large\bfseries,align=center,anchor=base] at (0,.55) {空間がバラバラ!}; \begin{scope}[shift={(-.90,-.32)},scale=.62] \draw[very thick,dashed,ink!45] (0,.16) circle (.46); \draw[very thick,ink!45] (-.34,-.18) -- (.34,.50); \end{scope} \begin{scope}[shift={(.95,-.32)},scale=.62] \foreach \x in {-0.70,-0.45,-0.20,0.20,0.45,0.70} \fill[spacec] (\x,.28) circle (2.5pt); \foreach \x in {-0.62,-0.50,-0.38,-0.18,-0.06,0.06,0.18,0.38,0.50,0.62} \fill[spacec] (\x,-.15) circle (1.7pt); \draw[very thick,spacec] (-.78,.54) -- (-.14,.54); \draw[very thick,spacec] (.14,.54) -- (.78,.54); \end{scope} \end{tikzpicture} \end{minipage}} \end{column} \end{columns} \end{deckframe} % 22 \begin{deckframe}[incomplete]{XKZ}{{\color{spacec}幾何}の不満: 空間がバラバラすぎる!} \begin{center} \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=.98] \node[logicbox,minimum width=3.8cm,minimum height=1.35cm, font=\Large\bfseries\color{logic}] (logic) at (-3.9,0.35) {\textcolor{logic}{直観主義}\textcolor{logic}{論理}}; \node[spacebox,minimum width=4.6cm,minimum height=1.35cm, font=\Large\bfseries\color{spacec}] (smooth) at (3.8,0.35) {滑らかな空間も\\扱いたい}; \draw[arrow] (smooth.west) -- node[above,font=\small\bfseries\color{bridge}]{対応する\textcolor{logic}{論理}} (logic.east); \end{tikzpicture} \end{center} \end{deckframe} % 23 \begin{deckframe}[incomplete]{JOY}{定義: {\color{spacec}Locale}} \begin{center} {\large\bfseries 空間を,\textcolor{spacec}{開集合}=\textcolor{logic}{命題}で再定義する} \end{center} \vspace{-5mm} \begin{columns}[T,onlytextwidth] \begin{column}{.58\textwidth} \begin{definition}[\textcolor{spacec}{Locale}] \textcolor{spacec}{Locale}\footnote{厳密には\textcolor{logic}{代数}側は\textcolor{logic}{Frame}で\textcolor{spacec}{Locale}はその双対} とは,任意 join と有限 meet を持ち,分配法則 \[ a\wedge\bigvee_i b_i=\bigvee_i(a\wedge b_i) \] を満たす順序構造. \end{definition} \end{column} \begin{column}{.38\textwidth} \centering \begin{tikzpicture}[x=1.03cm,y=1cm,scale=1.86,line cap=round,line join=round] \path[use as bounding box] (-1.31,-1.83) rectangle (1.31,1.31); \draw[very thick,draw=spacec,fill=spaceLight,rounded corners=3pt] (-1.30,-1.78) rectangle (1.30,-1.43); \draw[very thick,draw=spacec] (-.58,-1.43) -- (-.28,-.86) (.58,-1.43) -- (.28,-.86); \draw[very thick,draw=spacec,fill=paper,rounded corners=2pt] (-1.08,-.86) rectangle (1.02,-.58); \draw[thick,draw=spacec] (-.78,-.72) -- (.72,-.72); \draw[line width=5.0pt,draw=spacec] (-.54,-1.40) .. controls (-1.18,-.40) and (-.95,.62) .. (-.15,1.02); \draw[line width=2.0pt,draw=spaceLight] (-.49,-1.30) .. controls (-.98,-.42) and (-.80,.46) .. (-.12,.90); \draw[very thick,draw=spacec,fill=spaceLight,rounded corners=2pt] (-.66,1.05) -- (-.10,1.28) -- (.05,1.04) -- (-.51,.81) -- cycle; \draw[very thick,draw=spacec,fill=spaceLight,rounded corners=3pt] (-.34,.23) -- (.26,.48) -- (-.06,1.24) -- (-.66,.99) -- cycle; \draw[very thick,draw=spacec,fill=paper,rounded corners=2pt] (.17,.23) -- (.58,.40) -- (.42,.04) -- (.02,-.13) -- cycle; \draw[very thick,draw=spacec] (-.50,-.58) -- (-.50,.05); \draw[very thick,draw=spacec,fill=spaceLight] (-.50,.09) circle (.18); \draw[thick,draw=spacec!65,fill=spaceLight!75] (-.04,-.45) ellipse (.55 and .16); \draw[thick,draw=spacec!65] (-.04,-.45) ellipse (.18 and .05); \end{tikzpicture} \end{column} \end{columns} \end{deckframe} % 24 \begin{deckframe}[provisional]{VHV}{\textcolor{logic}{直観主義命題理論\footnote{$\lor$-infinitary propositional logic}}$\leftrightarrow$\textcolor{spacec}{Locale}} \begin{center} {\large\bfseries \textcolor{logic}{排中律}が,\textcolor{spacec}{空間}をバラバラにする} \end{center} \vspace{-1mm} \begin{center} \begin{tikzpicture}[scale=1.0] \draw[->,very thick,spacec] (-4.8,0) -- (4.8,0) node[right] {$\mathbb{R}$}; \draw[very thick,spacec] (0.15,0) -- (4.2,0); \draw[very thick,spacec] (-4.2,0) -- (-0.15,0); \fill[paper,draw=danger,very thick] (0,0) circle (4pt); \node[font=\large\color{logic}] at (2.2,0.55) {$U$}; \node[font=\large\color{logic}] at (-2.3,0.55) {$\neg U$}; \node[font=\large\bfseries] at (0,-1.45) {$U\lor\neg U=\mathbb{R}\setminus\{0\}$}; \end{tikzpicture} \end{center} \end{deckframe} % 26 \begin{deckframe}[complete]{NVR}{対応表: {\color{logic}論理}と{\color{spacec}幾何}} \centering \logicgeometrytable{locale} \end{deckframe} \section{Topos} % 27 \begin{deckframe}[complete]{OWD}{目次} \tableofcontents[currentsection] \end{deckframe} % 28 \begin{deckframe}[provisional]{LHS}{{\color{logic}量化子}と {\color{spacec}sheaf}} \begin{center} {\Large\bfseries \textcolor{logic}{量化子} $\longleftrightarrow$ \textcolor{spacec}{sheaf}} \end{center} \vspace{-2mm} \begin{columns}[T,totalwidth=.98\textwidth] \begin{column}{.46\textwidth} \centering \begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm] \path[use as bounding box] (-2.35,-2.00) rectangle (2.35,2.00); \node[font=\Large\bfseries\color{logic}] at (0,1.46) {論理}; \node[font=\Large\bfseries\color{logic}] at (0,-.58) {$\exists x\,\varphi(x), \forall x\,\varphi(x)$}; \end{tikzpicture} \end{column} \begin{column}{.50\textwidth} \centering \begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm,line cap=round,line join=round] \path[use as bounding box] (-2.55,-2.00) rectangle (2.55,2.00); \node[font=\Large\bfseries\color{spacec}] at (0,1.46) {幾何}; \draw[very thick,spacec,smooth,domain=-540:540,samples=210,variable=\t] plot ({.78*cos(\t)}, {.22 + .0016*\t + .12*sin(\t)}); \draw[very thick,spacec] (0,-1.6) circle (.78); \end{tikzpicture} \end{column} \end{columns} \end{deckframe} % 29 \begin{deckframe}[provisional]{AYV}{\textcolor{logic}{理論} = \textcolor{spacec}{Topos}} \begin{center} {\Large\bfseries \textcolor{logic}{理論} $\longleftrightarrow$ \textcolor{spacec}{Topos}} \end{center} \vspace{-1mm} \begin{theorem}[\textcolor{spacec}{Classifying} topos] Geometric \textcolor{logic}{theory} $T$ には \textcolor{spacec}{classifying} topos $\mathcal E_T$ が対応し, $\mathcal E_T$ は $T$ の\textcolor{logic}{モデル}を分類する. \end{theorem} \end{deckframe} % 30 \begin{deckframe}[complete]{IQP}{対応表: {\color{logic}論理}と{\color{spacec}幾何}} \centering \logicgeometrytable{topos} \end{deckframe} % 31 \begin{deckframe}[providional]{HZH}{思想: {\color{spacec}ベン図}の進化論的起源} \[ \vcenter{\hbox{\includegraphics[height=.3\textheight]{figures/png/yamaguchi_mikan_map_icon.svg.png}}} \quad \setminus \quad \vcenter{\hbox{\includegraphics[height=.3\textheight]{figures/png/yamaguchi_bear_map_icon.svg.png}}} \quad = \quad \vcenter{\hbox{\includegraphics[height=.3\textheight]{figures/png/yamaguchi_mikan_without_bear_map_icon.svg.png}}} \] \end{deckframe} \end{document}